Bootstrap Grid Tutorial

Intro

Bootstrap involves a great mobile-first flexbox grid structure for designing layouts of any contours and proportions . It is actually built upon a 12 column structure and features many different tiers, one for every media query selection. You are able to utilize it along with Sass mixins or else of the predefined classes.

Probably the most essential part of the Bootstrap framework allowing us to establish responsive web pages interactively changing if you want to regularly suit the width of the display screen they become presented on continue to looking perfectly is the so called grid structure. What it usually does is presenting us the capability of generating complex layouts integrating row plus a certain quantity of column features held in it. Imagine that the obvious size of the screen is parted in twelve identical elements vertically.

Tips on how to apply the Bootstrap grid:

Bootstrap Grid Tutorial uses a number of columns, containers, and rows to format and align web content. It's created using flexbox and is completely responsive. Below is an illustration and an in-depth examine exactly how the grid comes together.

The best way to put into action the Bootstrap grid

The above situation designs three equal-width columns on small, medium, large size, and extra large size devices using our predefined grid classes. Those columns are concentered in the page along with the parent

.container

Here is simply how it does the trick:

- Containers present a means to focus your website's components. Work with

.container

for fixated width or

.container-fluid

for total width.

- Rows are horizontal sets of columns that ensure your columns are really lined up correctly. We utilize the negative margin method for

.row

to make certain all your web content is coordinated correctly down the left side.

- Web content should be set inside of columns, and also only columns can be immediate children of rows.

- Because of flexbox, grid columns free from a established width is going to instantly format having equivalent widths. For example, four instances of

.col-sm

will each instantly be 25% wide for small breakpoints.

- Column classes indicate the variety of columns you 'd like to employ from the possible 12 per row. { In such manner, in case you want three equal-width columns, you may work with

.col-sm-4

- Column

widths

are set in percents, in such manner they're always fluid and also sized about their parent element.

- Columns have horizontal

padding

to generate the gutters between specific columns, though, you can surely remove the

margin

from rows and

padding

from columns with

.no-gutters

on the

.row

- There are five grid tiers, one for every responsive breakpoint: all breakpoints (extra small), little, standard, big, and extra large.

- Grid tiers are formed on minimal widths, meaning they apply to that tier and all those above it (e.g.,

.col-sm-4

applies to small, medium, large, and extra large devices).

- You have the ability to use predefined grid classes or Sass mixins for more semantic markup.

Take note of the issues as well as defects about flexbox, like the failure to utilize some HTML components such as flex containers.

Sounds awesome? Great, why don't we proceed to discovering everything during an example. ( discover more here)

Bootstrap Grid HTML features

Generally the column classes are simply something like that

.col- ~ grid size-- two letters ~ - ~ width of the element in columns-- number from 1 to 12 ~

The

.col-

generally continues the same.

Once it comes to the Bootstrap Grid Template scales-- all of the attainable widths of the viewport ( or else the exposed space on the display screen) have been actually separated to five varies just as comes next:

Extra small-- widths under 544px or 34em (which comes to be the default measuring unit in Bootstrap 4

.col-xs-*

Small – 544px (34em) and over until 768px( 48em )

.col-sm-*

Medium – 768px (48em ) and over until 992px ( 62em )

.col-md-*

Large – 992px ( 62em ) and over until 1200px ( 75em )

.col-lg-*

Extra large-- 1200px (75em) and whatever greater than it

.col-xl-*

While Bootstrap applies

em

-s or

rem

-s for identifying the majority of sizes,

px

-s are used for grid breakpoints and container widths. This is simply because the viewport width is in pixels and does not really transform using the font size.

Check out precisely how components of the Bootstrap grid system do a job all around multiple gadgets along with a handy table.

Exactly how components of the Bootstrap grid system do a job

The various and brand-new from Bootstrap 3 here is one added width range-- 34em-- 48em being actually designated to the

xs

size switching all the widths one range down. This way the sizes of 75em and over get without having a determined size in this way in Bootstrap 4 the Extra Large size becomes presented to cover it.

All of the features designated utilizing a particular viewport width and columns manage its overall size in width when it comes to this viewport and all above it. Whenever the width of the display goes less than the specified viewport size the components stack above each other stuffing the whole width of the view .

You may additionally designate an offset to an aspect by a determined amount of columns in a certain display sizing and more than this is done with the classes

.offset- ~ size ~ - ~ columns ~

.offset-lg-3

as an example. This was of defining the offsets is new for Bootstrap 4-- the previous edition worked with the

.col- ~ size ~-offset- ~ columns ~

syntax.

A couple things to consider when designing the markup-- the grids consisting of columns and rows ought to be placed inside a

.container

elements. There are two kinds of containers accessible -- the secured

.container

element which size continues to be intact before the upcoming viewport size breakpoint is hit and

.container-fluid

which spans the whole width of the viewport.

Direct kins of the containers are the

.row

components which consequently get packed in with columns. Supposing that you turn out to place components with more than just 12 columns in width within a single row the last features which width goes over the 12 columns limit will wrap to a new line. Various classes may possibly be employed for a single element to style its visual aspect in other viewports too.

Auto style columns

Apply breakpoint-specific column classes for equal-width columns. Bring in any variety of unit-less classes for each breakpoint you need and every single column will definitely be the equivalent width.

Identical size

For example, listed here are two grid layouts that placed on every device and viewport, from

xs

<div class="container">
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col">
      1 of 2
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      1 of 2
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Placing one column size

Auto-layout for the flexbox grid columns as well means you can put the width of one column and the others are going to instantly resize all around it. You can utilize predefined grid classes ( just as indicated here), grid mixins, or else inline widths. Keep in mind that the various other columns will resize no matter the width of the center column.

<div class="container">
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col-6">
      2 of 3 (wider)
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      3 of 3
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col-5">
      2 of 3 (wider)
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      3 of 3
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Variable size web content

Applying the

col-  breakpoint  -auto

classes, columns can easily size on its own founded on the common width of its content. This is extremely practical for one line web content like inputs, numbers, and so on. This particular, together with a horizontal alignment classes, is extremely essential for centralizing arrangements together with irregular column sizes as viewport width improves.

<div class="container">
  <div class="row justify-content-md-center">
    <div class="col col-lg-2">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col-12 col-md-auto">
      Variable width content
    </div>
    <div class="col col-lg-2">
      3 of 3
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col">
      1 of 3
    </div>
    <div class="col-12 col-md-auto">
      Variable width content
    </div>
    <div class="col col-lg-2">
      3 of 3
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Identical size multi-row

Build equal-width columns which extend multiple rows by simply including a

.w-100

where exactly you desire the columns to break to a new line. Help make the breaks responsive simply by combining the

.w-100

together with some responsive display utilities.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="w-100"></div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
</div>

Responsive classes

Bootstrap's grid includes five tiers of predefined classes to get building complex responsive layouts. Customise the size of your columns on extra small, small, medium, large, as well as extra large gadgets however you see fit.

All breakpoints

Intended for grids which are the very same from the tiniest of gadgets to the biggest, make use of the

.col

and

.col-*

classes. Point out a numbered class if you need a specially sized column; or else, don't hesitate to stick to

.col

<div class="row">
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
  <div class="col">col</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-8">col-8</div>
  <div class="col-4">col-4</div>
</div>

Loaded to horizontal

Employing a singular set of

.col-sm-*

classes, you can generate a basic grid system which gets start piled in extra tiny gadgets prior to turning into horizontal on personal computer (medium) gadgets.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-8">col-sm-8</div>
  <div class="col-sm-4">col-sm-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm">col-sm</div>
  <div class="col-sm">col-sm</div>
  <div class="col-sm">col-sm</div>
</div>

Mix up and match

Do not desire your columns to just simply stack in some grid tiers? Employ a combo of separate classes for every tier as desired. Observe the illustration listed below for a more effective concept of exactly how everything works.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col col-md-8">.col .col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns start at 50% wide on mobile and bump up to 33.3% wide on desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns are always 50% wide, on mobile and desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-6">.col-6</div>
  <div class="col-6">.col-6</div>
</div>

Placement

Employ flexbox arrangement utilities to vertically and horizontally coordinate columns. ( read this)

Vertical alignment

<div class="container">
  <div class="row align-items-start">
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row align-items-center">
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row align-items-end">
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col">
      One of three columns
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="container">
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col align-self-start">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col align-self-center">
      One of three columns
    </div>
    <div class="col align-self-end">
      One of three columns
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Horizontal arrangement

<div class="container">
  <div class="row justify-content-start">
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row justify-content-center">
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row justify-content-end">
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row justify-content-around">
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="row justify-content-between">
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
    <div class="col-4">
      One of two columns
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

No gutters

The gutters between columns within our predefined grid classes may possibly be gotten rid of with

.no-gutters

This removes the unwanted

margin

-s from

.row

also the horizontal

padding

from all of close children columns.

Here's the origin code for designing such styles. Bear in mind that column overrides are scoped to just the first children columns and are actually intended by means of attribute selector. Although this develops a further particular selector, column padding can easily still be extra customised with space utilities.

.no-gutters 
  margin-right: 0;
  margin-left: 0;

  > .col,
  > [class*="col-"] 
    padding-right: 0;
    padding-left: 0;

In practice, here's precisely how it looks like. Note you can surely constantly work with this with all of the various other predefined grid classes ( incorporating column widths, responsive tiers, reorders, and much more ).

<div class="row no-gutters">
  <div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

Column wrap

Assuming that in excess of 12 columns are positioned inside a single row, each and every group of additional columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-9">.col-9</div>
  <div class="col-4">.col-4<br>Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.</div>
  <div class="col-6">.col-6<br>Subsequent columns continue along the new line.</div>
</div>

Reseting of the columns

With the variety of grid tiers available, you're expecteded to encounter complications where, at specific breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite correct being one is taller than the various other. To resolve that, work with a combination of a

.clearfix

and responsive utility classes.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-6 col-sm-3">.col-6 .col-sm-3</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-sm-3">.col-6 .col-sm-3</div>

  <!-- Add the extra clearfix for only the required viewport -->
  <div class="clearfix hidden-sm-up"></div>

  <div class="col-6 col-sm-3">.col-6 .col-sm-3</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-sm-3">.col-6 .col-sm-3</div>
</div>

Aside from column clearing up at responsive breakpoints, you may possibly ought to reset offsets, pushes, or else pulls. Notice this at work in the grid scenario.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-5 col-md-6">.col-sm-5 .col-md-6</div>
  <div class="col-sm-5 offset-sm-2 col-md-6 offset-md-0">.col-sm-5 .offset-sm-2 .col-md-6 .offset-md-0</div>
</div>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 col-lg-6">.col.col-sm-6.col-md-5.col-lg-6</div>
  <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-5 offset-md-2 col-lg-6 offset-lg-0">.col-sm-6 .col-md-5 .offset-md-2 .col-lg-6 .offset-lg-0</div>
</div>

Re-ordering

Flex order

Make use of flexbox utilities for controlling the vision disposition of your web content.

<div class="container">
  <div class="row">
    <div class="col flex-unordered">
      First, but unordered
    </div>
    <div class="col flex-last">
      Second, but last
    </div>
    <div class="col flex-first">
      Third, but first
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Offsetting columns

Move columns to the right using

.offset-md-*

classes. Such classes enhance the left margin of a column by

columns. For example,

.offset-md-4

moves

.col-md-4

over four columns.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-4">.col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-md-4 offset-md-4">.col-md-4 .offset-md-4</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-3 offset-md-3">.col-md-3 .offset-md-3</div>
  <div class="col-md-3 offset-md-3">.col-md-3 .offset-md-3</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6 offset-md-3">.col-md-6 .offset-md-3</div>
</div>

Pull and push

Simply switch the order of our integrated grid columns with

.push-md-*

plus

.pull-md-*

modifier classes.

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-9 push-md-3">.col-md-9 .push-md-3</div>
  <div class="col-md-3 pull-md-9">.col-md-3 .pull-md-9</div>
</div>

Material posting

To home your web content with the default grid, provide a brand-new

.row

and set of

.col-sm-*

columns just within an existing

.col-sm-*

column. Nested rows need to include a pack of columns that amount to 12 or else less (it is not demanded that you work with all of the 12 provided columns).

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-sm-9">
    Level 1: .col-sm-9
    <div class="row">
      <div class="col-8 col-sm-6">
        Level 2: .col-8 .col-sm-6
      </div>
      <div class="col-4 col-sm-6">
        Level 2: .col-4 .col-sm-6
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

Using Bootstrap's origin Sass files

The moment working with Bootstrap's source Sass data, you have the opportunity of applying Sass mixins and variables to generate custom made, semantic, and responsive page styles. Our predefined grid classes operate these same variables and mixins to provide a whole set of ready-to-use classes for quick responsive styles .

Features

Variables and maps identify the amount of columns, the gutter size, and also the media query factor. We employ these to create the predefined grid classes reported above, and also for the customized mixins listed below.

$grid-columns:      12;
$grid-gutter-width-base: 30px;

$grid-gutter-widths: (
  xs: $grid-gutter-width-base, // 30px
  sm: $grid-gutter-width-base, // 30px
  md: $grid-gutter-width-base, // 30px
  lg: $grid-gutter-width-base, // 30px
  xl: $grid-gutter-width-base  // 30px
)

$grid-breakpoints: (
  // Extra small screen / phone
  xs: 0,
  // Small screen / phone
  sm: 576px,
  // Medium screen / tablet
  md: 768px,
  // Large screen / desktop
  lg: 992px,
  // Extra large screen / wide desktop
  xl: 1200px
);

$container-max-widths: (
  sm: 540px,
  md: 720px,
  lg: 960px,
  xl: 1140px
);

Mixins

Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to create semantic CSS for specific grid columns.

@mixin make-row($gutters: $grid-gutter-widths) 
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;

  @each $breakpoint in map-keys($gutters) 
    @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) 
      $gutter: map-get($gutters, $breakpoint);
      margin-right: ($gutter / -2);
      margin-left:  ($gutter / -2);
    
  


// Make the element grid-ready (applying everything but the width)
@mixin make-col-ready($gutters: $grid-gutter-widths) 
  position: relative;
  // Prevent columns from becoming too narrow when at smaller grid tiers by
  // always setting `width: 100%;`. This works because we use `flex` values
  // later on to override this initial width.
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 1px; // Prevent collapsing

  @each $breakpoint in map-keys($gutters) 
    @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) 
      $gutter: map-get($gutters, $breakpoint);
      padding-right: ($gutter / 2);
      padding-left:  ($gutter / 2);
    
  


@mixin make-col($size, $columns: $grid-columns) 
  flex: 0 0 percentage($size / $columns);
  width: percentage($size / $columns);
  // Add a `max-width` to ensure content within each column does not blow out
  // the width of the column. Applies to IE10+ and Firefox. Chrome and Safari
  // do not appear to require this.
  max-width: percentage($size / $columns);


// Get fancy by offsetting, or changing the sort order
@mixin make-col-offset($size, $columns: $grid-columns) 
  margin-left: percentage($size / $columns);


@mixin make-col-push($size, $columns: $grid-columns) 
  left: if($size > 0, percentage($size / $columns), auto);


@mixin make-col-pull($size, $columns: $grid-columns) 
  right: if($size > 0, percentage($size / $columns), auto);

Some example usage

You can transform the variables to your personal custom made values, or simply use the mixins using their default values. Here is literally an illustration of utilizing the default setups to develop a two-column configuration having a space in between.

See it practical in this particular provided illustration.

.container 
  max-width: 60em;
  @include make-container();

.row 
  @include make-row();

.content-main 
  @include make-col-ready();

  @media (max-width: 32em) 
    @include make-col(6);
  
  @media (min-width: 32.1em) 
    @include make-col(8);
  

.content-secondary 
  @include make-col-ready();

  @media (max-width: 32em) 
    @include make-col(6);
  
  @media (min-width: 32.1em) 
    @include make-col(4);

<div class="container">
  <div class="row">
    <div class="content-main">...</div>
    <div class="content-secondary">...</div>
  </div>
</div>

Customizing the grid

Applying our integrated grid Sass variables and maps , it's possible to completely modify the predefined grid classes. Replace the number of tiers, the media query dimensions, and also the container widths-- then recompile.

Columns and gutters

The quantity of grid columns and also their horizontal padding (aka, gutters) can be changed through Sass variables.

$grid-columns

is utilized to produce the widths (in percent) of every individual column while

$grid-gutter-widths

permits breakpoint-specific widths that are separated evenly across

padding-left

and

padding-right

for the column gutters.

$grid-columns:               12 !default;
$grid-gutter-width-base:     30px !default;
$grid-gutter-widths: (
  xs: $grid-gutter-width-base,
  sm: $grid-gutter-width-base,
  md: $grid-gutter-width-base,
  lg: $grid-gutter-width-base,
  xl: $grid-gutter-width-base
) !default;

Solutions of grids

Moving aside from the columns themselves, you can likewise customise the amount of grid tiers. If you desired just three grid tiers, you 'd upgrade the

$ grid-breakpoints

and

$ container-max-widths

to something similar to this:

$grid-breakpoints: (
  sm: 480px,
  md: 768px,
  lg: 1024px
);

$container-max-widths: (
  sm: 420px,
  md: 720px,
  lg: 960px
);

The instant producing any type of changes to the Sass variables or maps , you'll require to save your improvements and recompile. Doing so will definitely out a new set of predefined grid classes for column widths, offsets, pushes, and pulls. Responsive visibility utilities will also be upgraded to utilize the custom breakpoints.

Conclusions

These are really the undeveloped column grids in the framework. Using special classes we can easily direct the special features to span a determined number of columns according to the definite width in pixels of the visible space in which the page becomes revealed. And considering that there are certainly a a lot of classes specifying the column width of the elements as an alternative to examining each one it's more useful to try to learn about exactly how they certainly become put up-- it is undoubtedly very convenient to remember featuring simply a handful of things in mind.